Since both World Wars, it has been used to treat people with psychiatric illnesses and substance abuse disorders at home and in facilities. Following this, many institutions began to offer education in musical therapy, starting from Michigan State University in 1944. It led to the formation of the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) in 1998, which focuses on increasing the awareness of music therapy definition and services while promoting education and research in this field. Audio therapy can help with substance addiction by providing positive reinforcement for healthy behavior.
- It can help people suffering from the stress and emotions brought on by disease, trauma, and sorrow.
- Nevertheless, in their study with offenders in a substance abuse/mental illness treatment program, Gallagher and Steele [49] reported that 53% of their participants were “not sociable” (p. 121).
- Finally, they choose a certain form of music that can help patients improve their mood and mental health.
- Our results were not able to provide a significant contribution to this discussion, as hardly any experimental studies in our review have attempted to account for the potential effects of perceived control.
- In their review, they included five quantitative studies that greatly varied in terms of treatment settings, frequency, duration, persons guiding the session, and outcome variables.
- As we state in the Limitations of our manuscript (page 49), we are aware that the small number of included studies makes it difficult to draw meaningful, substantial conclusions based on the results of the meta-analysis alone.
Furthermore, stress may differ in intensity between laboratory and medical real-life/settings, and the effectiveness of music may depend on the research setting as well. Two studies attempted to theoretically conceptualize which music would be ‘relaxing’, and selected their musical stimuli accordingly. De la Torre-Luque et al. [3] utilized Melomics, a computational system for the automatic composition of music, to create songs that would be considered ‘relaxing’. These songs were slow-paced, instrumental pieces, which contained no sudden or abrupt changes in melody. Gan et al. [84] distinguished between stimulative and sedative (‘relaxing’) music based on musical tempo—the speed or pace of a given song, and dynamic range—the difference between the quietest and loudest parts of a song [121]. In their study, stimulative music was characterized by fast tempo and broad dynamic range, while sedative music was characterized by slow tempo and narrow (soft) dynamic range.
Beyoncé’s ‘Cowboy Carter’ reinforces her dedication to Black reclamation — and country music
Given your expertise in the effects of music listening on stress and wound healing, we are grateful that you have recommended the manuscript for publication in its current form. From our experience, most studies on music listening published on the PubMed database reported experiments conducted within medical or therapeutic settings. Thus, when designing our search strategy, we made the decision to exclude the PubMed database from our search. For example, classical music may be described as rhythmically complex, with mellow timbre and fluctuating loudness. Comparatively, though equally rhythmically complex, heavy metal possesses sharper timbre and more pronounced loudness.
MT/ MBI effects on quality of life and health
Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Two studies exposed participants to unpleasant stimuli as a means of inducing stress. One study made use of anticipation to induce stress [50], where participants were asked to prepare an impromptu presentation that would be videotaped at the end of a preparation period.
Due to the small number of MT studies, separations regarding these aspects are currently not useful. Whereas this systematic review summarizes the available evidence in terms of treatment efficacy, it does not provide information about potential mechanisms of action of MT/ MBI for SUD. Furthermore, a methodological review of MT/ MBI/ MP and SUD studies may be warranted in the future. For example, studies could be codified regarding methodological strengths and weaknesses to make further methodological recommendations with respect to the investigation of concrete outcomes. Prochaska and DiClemente [79] argued that behavior change always occurs as process with different stages of change, so that differentiating aspects of motivation regarding these stages might be useful. Considering this, beneficial effects of MT on problem recognition, desire for help, treatment readiness, and overall motivation were reported [35].
Exploratory moderator analysis with study quality
Lead singer Chester Bennington struggled with addiction and depression, so he related to the lyrics. His wife and bandmates were a key support system who intervened in 2006 and helped him enter recovery. This song does a great job of capturing understanding alcohol and anger’s connection the struggle between deciding if you have issues with substances or not, a struggle familiar to people in recovery. It can be helpful to remember where you once were and see the substance-free life you’re heading towards more clearly.
According to Ghetti [76], in group music therapy sessions, the therapist structures the active music making purposefully to enable group interaction in a non-threatening atmosphere. Successful group interactions in music making may help to develop social and problem solving skills. Furthermore, methadone: medlineplus drug information discussion of lyrics of popular songs can help enhance understanding of the individual’s dynamics regarding substance use and may lead to the development of more healthy coping strategies [76]. Only very few studies examined effects of MT/ MBI on cognitive abilities quantitatively.